A refined and facile strategy is reported for preparing high-volumetric-capacitance graphene supercapacitor electrodes via a diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDE)-mediated graphene oxide (GO) clay process. Building upon the GO “pottery” concept from our previous work, this method addresses the critical limitation of solvent evaporation and loss of workability by employing DEGDE—a high-boiling-point, high-molecular-weight organic solvent—as a processing aid. This modification preserves the plasticity and uniformity of the GO clay during calendering and thermal reduction, enabling the direct production of dense, self-supporting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrode sheets without binders, conductive additives, or extensive purification. The resulting rGO electrodes exhibit a well-defined layered graphene architecture with high packing density. In a symmetric two-electrode configuration with 5 M KOH electrolyte, the electrode delivers a gravimetric specific capacitance of 119.4 ± 4.4 F g ‒1 and a volumetric specific capacitance of 84.0 ± 3.1 F cm ‒3 at 1 mA cm ‒2 , with stable performance across varying currents and excellent reproducibility. This work provides a practical and cost-effective route for high-density graphene electrodes with competitive volumetric performance for compact energy storage applications.
Structural assembly of nanomaterials imparts new and enhanced properties to individual components. The “Sol-gel” approach has been a traditional technique to connect diverse types of materials. Here, 3-mercaptopropyl (trimethoxysilane) (MPTS), a dual-functional ligand, has been employed to assemble one of the popular members of atomically precise nanoclusters–Au 25 − and connect individual nanoclusters via the formation of the Si(OR) 4 “sol-gel” network during the purification process. Depending on the purification procedure, a particle or film of Au 25 -SiO 2 was achieved and characterized using different techniques. The obtained superstructures of nanomaterials were utilized as a catalyst for the nitrophenol hydrogenation reaction, revealing a 2.5 times faster reaction rate of Au 25 -SiO 2 -film relative to the particle.
Ningning Zhu, Ningrui Wang, NaNa Zhou, Baodong Ye, Jingjing Liu
Musculoskeletal injuries and degenerative disorders caused by trauma, aging, chronic inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction frequently result in impaired functional recovery, including skeletal muscle atrophy, bone loss, cartilage degeneration, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Although exercise rehabilitation, physical therapy, and pharmacological interventions can improve clinical outcomes, their ability to restore the complex pathological microenvironment characterized by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic imbalance remains limited. Plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles (PELNs), naturally occurring lipid-bilayer nanoparticles containing diverse bioactive cargos such as RNAs, proteins, lipids, and phytochemicals, have recently emerged as promising regulators of tissue repair. Unlike conventional nanoparticles that mainly serve as passive delivery carriers, PELNs possess intrinsic biological activity and can actively modulate cellular states across biological barriers. Increasing evidence indicates that PELNs contribute to musculoskeletal regeneration by regulating inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, stem/progenitor cell activity, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Recent studies have reported regenerative effects of PELNs in experimental models involving skeletal muscle, bone, and peripheral nerve tissues. Beyond tissue-specific effects, accumulating evidence suggests that PELN-mediated regeneration involves coordinated mitochondrial–immune–metabolic reprogramming, including regulation of mitochondrial quality control, inflammatory signaling, and immunometabolic states. This review summarizes recent advances in PELN-mediated musculoskeletal repair and their potential relevance to functional recovery, highlighting their biological properties, therapeutic applications, and underlying regulatory mechanisms. The challenges and future perspectives of engineered PELNs for regenerative rehabilitation are also discussed.
Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction (PCO 2 RR) represents a promising approach for solar-to-chemical energy conversion and carbon utilization, yet catalyst development remains limited by the trade-off between the molecular precision of homogeneous complexes and the robustness of heterogeneous materials. Metallolinker-assembled covalent organic frameworks (COFs) address this challenge by integrating well-defined metal coordination sites into crystalline porous architectures, combining tunable catalytic environments with framework stability and recyclability. Beyond acting as catalytic centers, metallolinkers regulate light harvesting, charge separation, CO 2 adsorption, and local reaction environments through synergistic interactions with the surrounding framework. This review highlights recent advances in metallolinker-assembled COFs for PCO 2 RR and, for direct comparison, in the related family of post-synthetically metalated COFs, emphasizing how coordination chemistry, electronic structure, topology, and pore microenvironments govern catalytic activity and product selectivity. The review discusses key strategies, including metal-site modulation, linker engineering, donor–acceptor coupling, dual-site construction, and microenvironmental regulation, to elucidate structure–function relationships in CO 2 activation and conversion. Remaining challenges, including operational stability, sacrificial-agent-free systems, C 2+ product formation, mechanistic understanding, and scalable fabrication, are critically examined. Emerging opportunities in computational design, operando characterization, multifunctional frameworks, and device integration are further discussed to advance metallolinker-COFs toward practical solar-driven carbon conversion technologies.
Oxidative stress is implicated in numerous pathological processes. Developing efficient, safe small-molecule antioxidants is of great medicinal interest. In this work, ten new indole derivatives bearing a thiosemicarbazide moiety ( 4a–4j ) were synthesized and fully characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HRMS. In vitro antioxidant assays indicated that all target compounds showed obvious free radical scavenging potency. Among them, compound 2-(3-(1 H -indol-3-yl)propanoyl)- N -(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide ( 4i ) displayed the strongest in vitro ABTS radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 = 0.96 μg/mL, remarkably lower than that of vitamin C (1.87 μg/mL). Compound 4i also exhibited excellent in vitro DPPH scavenging efficiency (IC 50 = 2.95 μg/mL). Molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations predicted that compound 4i stably bound to the catalytic pocket of human peroxiredoxin 5 (PDB ID: 1HD2). Meanwhile, in silico ADMET and drug-likeness predictions suggested favorable physicochemical properties, acceptable safety, and compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five. Furthermore, application in a raw beef patty model revealed that compound 4i effectively retarded myoglobin oxidation, suppressed pH elevation, and preserved red-color stability during refrigerated storage, exhibiting superior color-protection performance. Collectively, these findings highlight compound 4i as a promising dual-purpose candidate, deserving further investigation both as an antioxidant lead for drug discovery and as a potential protective agent for raw meat preservation, with additional enzyme-level and food-safety assessments required.
