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Policies

Corrections and retractions

How we correct the scholarly record.

Corrections

When an error affects the interpretation of an article, a correction notice is published and linked to the original article. The article's update history records the change.

Retractions

An article may be retracted when its findings are unreliable or when there is evidence of misconduct. Retracted articles remain accessible and are clearly marked, with a notice explaining the reason.