Exploring the Tumor Microenvironment: From Immune Dynamics to Therapeutic Opportunities

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system that strongly influences cancer growth and treatment response. It consists of malignant cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, extracellular matrix, and soluble molecules. These elements interact to regulate tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion.Immune dynamics within the TME are central to tumor behavior. Effector T cells and natural killer (NK) cells can suppress tumor growth. In contrast, regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages promote immune escape. This dual role of immune cells highlights the need to define mechanisms that shift the balance toward anti-tumor activity.Targeting the TME has become an important therapeutic strategy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors restore T cell function and have shown durable benefits in several cancers. Yet resistance remains common. It often arises from stromal barriers, abnormal metabolism, or persistent immunosuppressive signaling. Combination approaches, including CAR-T cells, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and drugs targeting stromal factors, are being tested to overcome these barriers.This Research Topic aims to highlight progress in mapping the TME and translating this knowledge into clinical benefit. By focusing on immune regulation, stromal influences, and novel therapeutic strategies, it seeks to provide new insights for cancer treatment.Potential areas of focus include:• Immune regulation and dysfunction in the TME• Role of stromal and metabolic factors in tumor development• Application of single-cell and spatial technologies in TME research• Novel immunotherapies and combination strategies• Mechanisms of resistance and approaches to overcome them Topic editors: Terisha Ghazi, Janaina Fernandes Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/73820/exploring-the-tumor-microenvironment-from-immune-dynamics-to-therapeutic-opportunities