Structural and Neurochemical Basis of Olfaction: From Physiology and Pathogenesis to Translational Applications

The olfactory system serves as a premier model for investigating the relationship between structural architecture and neurochemical signaling. From the peripheral sensory epithelium to the intricate glomerular mapping in the olfactory bulb, the system’s function is defined by a precise anatomical organization that facilitates the transformation of chemical signals into neural representations. This structural and functional integrity is vital for maintaining sensory perception and lifelong plasticity. However, this specialized anatomy makes the system uniquely vulnerable to environmental and molecular pathogenesis. Changes in neurochemical homeostasis and structural connectivity often serve as early indicators of neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders. This Research Topic provides a platform to explore the olfactory system’s baseline physiology and anatomy, alongside the pathological shifts that drive dysfunction. By integrating these foundational perspectives, the collection highlights olfaction as a critical frontier for translational applications, including diagnostic biomarkers and innovative therapeutic strategies.The central challenge in olfactory neuroscience lies in the detailed characterization of the structural and neurochemical substrates that maintain olfactory integrity. While many components of this system are well-documented, refining our map of the specific anatomical and molecular shifts that occur during pathogenesis remains a key priority for the field. Providing more integrative evidence of these transitions is essential for moving from basic physiological observations toward reliable translational insights.The goal of this Research Topic is to consolidate research that documents the olfactory system from a multidimensional perspective. We seek to highlight studies that describe baseline anatomical organization and neurochemical signaling, as well as those exploring how these parameters are modulated in pathological states. By prioritizing descriptive and mechanistic approaches—such as high-resolution imaging, neuroanatomy, and electrophysiology—this collection aims to provide a more robust framework for interpreting sensory dysfunction. Ultimately, this Research Topic intends to support the identification of diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic applications by providing a clearer, more integrated picture of the system's baseline and pathological states.This Research Topic explores the structural and neurochemical mechanisms governing olfactory function, with a focus on the anatomical frameworks that support sensory processing. We invite contributions that characterize baseline physiological states to better understand the underlying processes of molecular pathogenesis and translational discovery. Specific themes of interest include: • Functional Neuroanatomy: Mapping circuit organization and cell-type specific architectures across the olfactory pathway. • Neurochemical Signaling: Characterization of neurotransmitter systems and neuromodulatory dynamics (e.g., dopamine, acetylcholine) in circuit tuning. • Glial and Homeostatic Dynamics: The role of astrocytes, microglia, and ensheathing cells in structural maintenance and neuroinflammation. • Pathogenesis and Dysfunction: Cellular and anatomical markers of olfactory impairment in neurodegenerative or inflammatory contexts.• Translational Insights: Research regarding diagnostic biomarkers, neuroprotective strategies, and regenerative therapeutic applications. We welcome Original Research, Reviews, Mini-Reviews, and Methods. We particularly encourage descriptive studies that provide high-resolution anatomical or physiological data, establishing a robust framework for interpreting sensory pathology and advancing biomedical interventions. Topic editors: Irene Ortiz-Leal, Michał Dzięcioł, Pablo Sánchez Quinteiro, Mateo V Torres Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/81114/structural-and-neurochemical-basis-of-olfaction-from-physiology-and-pathogenesis-to-translational-applications