The Role of Technology in Neurosurgical Anatomy Training: State of the Art and New Frontiers

Advances in virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VR, AR, and MR), three-dimensional (3D) printing, high-fidelity haptics, and immersive visualization are transforming how neurosurgical residents learn and rehearse complex neuroanatomy and neurosurgical procedures. Simulation platforms now integrate patient-specific imaging, digital 3D models, and life-like physical phantoms, enabling repetitive, risk-free practice of various neurosurgical procedures outside the operating theatre. In parallel, technology-enhanced neuroanatomy teaching, from desktop 3D applications to immersive AR/VR environments, has shown promise in improving spatial understanding, learner motivation, and exam performance compared with traditional methods alone. Despite this momentum, evidence regarding educational impact, cost‑effectiveness, curricular integration, and rigorous validation of these tools remains heterogeneous, underscoring the need for focused, methodologically robust standardization.Modern neurosurgical training faces converging pressures: limited operating room exposure, reduced working hours, ethical imperatives regarding patient safety, and constrained access to body donor laboratories. At the same time, a rapidly expanding ecosystem of VR/AR simulators, 3D-printed models, interactive multiplayer applications, and hybrid physical-digital platforms is being introduced into surgical neuroanatomy courses and residency curricula with varying levels of validation and standardization. The central problem is the gap between technological innovation and robust evidence on how, when, and for whom these tools truly improve neuroanatomical understanding, technical skill acquisition, and transfer to operative performance.The goal of this Research Topic is to systematically capture and critically appraise contemporary hardware and software solutions for neurosurgical anatomy training, from undergraduate education to subspecialty fellowships. We aim to gather original data on learning curves, metrics, assessment frameworks, and implementation strategies, as well as high quality syntheses that clarify best practices, limitations, and future research priorities. Ultimately, this Topic seeks to inform the evidence-based integration of technology-enhanced anatomy training into neurosurgical education worldwide.This Research Topic focuses on the use of emerging technologies (hardware and software) to support neurosurgical and neuroanatomy training across all levels of trainee education. We welcome submissions addressing, but not limited to, the following themes:• VR, AR, MR, and hybrid simulators for neuroanatomy and neurosurgical approaches• Digital 3D models, photogrammetry, and 3D printing for anatomy teaching and rehearsal• Haptic and task specific simulators, metrics, and performance assessment• Integration of technology into curricula, remote and blended learning models• Validation studies, cost effectiveness, accessibility, and implementation barriersThe Research Topic seeks original studies and systematic reviews. Submissions should provide clearly defined educational or training outcomes, robust methodology, and transparent reporting of technical specifications, validation processes, and limitations, with a focus on neurosurgical and neuroanatomy relevant applications. Topic editors: Daniele Armocida, Toma Spiriev, Uwe Spetzger Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/81829/the-role-of-technology-in-neurosurgical-anatomy-training-state-of-the-art-and-new-frontiers