Trained immunity and vaccine strategies: From BCG to SARS-CoV-2 and beyond

Trained immunity is an emerging field that describes the innate immune system’s ability to develop memory-like characteristics following exposure to microbial components or vaccines. This concept challenges the classical view of the immune system by showing that innate immunity, typically viewed as non-specific, can undergo epigenetic and metabolic modifications to enhance defense mechanisms against subsequent pathogen invasions. Pioneering research with the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine has unveiled its broad-spectrum protective effects, demonstrating efficacy beyond tuberculosis, and offering protection against various bacterial, viral, and possibly even fungal or parasitic threats. In light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the potential of trained immunity has garnered increased interest for its possible application in enhancing antiviral defenses through novel vaccine platforms and adjuvant designs.This Research Topic aims at consolidating state-of-the-art findings on the mechanisms, applications, and translational possibilities of trained immunity in vaccine innovation and infectious disease therapeutics. By addressing the underlying molecular and cellular processes—including epigenetic modifications, immunometabolic pathways, and innate immune programming—researchers can unveil new perspectives in vaccine design. We seek studies exploring vaccines that induce trained immunity, such as BCG and β-glucans, alongside investigations into recombinant vectors and adjuvant strategies that exploit innate immune training. Additionally, translational and clinical evaluations that elucidate the non-specific effects of vaccines and therapeutic applications across infectious diseases are highly anticipated.Focusing on the dynamic limits and contributions of this field, we welcome articles that offer insights into innate immune memory and its applications. Themes of interest include:-Mechanisms and pathways of trained immunity-Formation and maintenance of innate immune memory-Broad protective effects of existing vaccines-Innovations targeting SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pathogens-Novel adjuvant formulations and therapeutic interventions-Epigenetic and metabolic regulation of innate immune responsesSubmissions may consist of original research articles, reviews, perspectives, or methodological papers that thoroughly examine the role of trained immunity in advancing vaccine efficacy and host-directed treatments. By compiling groundbreaking contributions, this Research Topic aspires to propel the integration of trained immunity into cutting-edge vaccine developments, bolster broad-spectrum healthcare interventions. The topic editors declare no conflict of interest Topic editors: Alba Marina Gimenez, Elke Bergmann-Leitner Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/78319/trained-immunity-and-vaccine-strategies-from-bcg-to-sars-cov-2-and-beyond