Gestures, Vocalizations, and Memory in Language Origins

Abstract

References

1. Abe K., Watanabe D. (2011). Songbirds possess the spontaneous ability to discriminate syntactic rules. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1067 – 1077. doi:10.1038/nn.2869
2. Aboitiz F. (1995). Working memory networks and the origin of language areas in the human brain. Med. Hypotheses 44, 504 – 506. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(95)90514-6
3. Aboitiz F., Aboitiz S., García R. (2010). The phonological loop: a key innovation in human evolution. Curr. Anthropol. 51 (Suppl. S1), S55 – S65. doi:10.1086/650525
4. Aboitiz F., García R. (1997). The evolutionary origin of the language areas in the human brain. A neuroanatomical perspective. Brain Res. Rev. 25, 381 – 396. doi:10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00053-2
5. Aboitiz F., García R. (2009). Merging of phonological and gestural circuits in early language evolution. Rev. Neurosci. 20, 71 – 84. doi:10.1515/REVNEURO.2009.20.1.71
6. Aboitiz F., García R., Bosman C., Brunetti E. (2006a). Cortical memory mechanisms and language origins. Brain Lang. 98, 40 – 56. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.01.006
7. Aboitiz F., García R., Brunetti E., Bosman C. (2006b). “The origin of Broca’s area and its connections from an ancestral working/active memory network,” in Broca’s Area, eds Amunts K., Grodzinsky Y. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 3 – 16.
8. Aboitiz F., García R., Brunetti E., Bosman C. (2005). Imitation and memory in language origins. Neural Netw. 18, 1357. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2005.04.009
9. Aboitiz F., López J., Montiel J. (2003). Long distance communication in the human brain: timing constraints for inter-hemispheric synchrony and the origin of brain lateralization. Biol. Res. 36, 89 – 99. doi:10.4067/S0716-97602003000100007
10. Ambrose S. H. (2010). Coevolution of composite-tool technology, constructive memory, and language: implications for the evolution of modern human behavior. Curr. Anthropol. 51, S135 – S147. doi:10.1086/650296
11. Anwander A., Tittgemeyer M., Yves von Cramon D., Friederici A. D., Knösche T. R. (2007). Connectivity-based parcellation of Broca’s area. Cereb. Cortex 17, 816 – 825. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk034
12. Arbib M. A. (2005). From monkey-like action recognition to human language: an evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behav. Brain Sci. 28, 105 – 167. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0547003X
13. Arbib M. A. (2010). Mirror system activity for action and language is embedded in the integrationof dorsal and ventral pathways. Brain Lang. 112, 12 – 24. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.10.001
14. Armstrong A. C., Stokoe W. C., Wilcox S. E. (eds). (1995). Gesture and the Nature of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Awh E., Jonides J., Smith E. E., Schumacher E. H., Koeppe R. A., Katz S. (1996). Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in working memory: PET evidence. Psychol. Sci. 7, 25 – 31. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00662.x
16. Baddeley A. (2003). Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 829 – 839. doi:10.1038/nrm1251
17. Baddeley A. D., Papagno C., Vallar G. (1988). When long-term learning depends on short-term memory. J. Mem. Lang. 27, 586 – 595. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(88)90021-6
18. Badzakova-Trajkov G., Häberling I. S., Roberts R. P., Corballis M. C. (2010). Cerebral asymmetries: complementary and independent processes. PLoS ONE 5, e9682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009682
19. Belin P., Zatorre R. J. (2000). ‘What,’ ‘where’ and ‘how’ in auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 965 – 966. doi:10.1038/79890
20. Belmalih A., Borra E., Contini M., Gerbella M., Rozzi S., Luppino G. (2009). Multimodal architectonic subdivision of the rostral part (area F5) of the macaque ventral premotor cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 512, 183 – 217. doi:10.1002/cne.21892
21. Bernal B., Altman N. (2010). The connectivity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus: a tractography DTI study. Magn. Reson. Imaging 28, 217 – 225. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2009.07.008
22. Berwick R. C., Okanoya K., Beckers G. J. L., Bolhuis J. J. (2011). Songs to syntax: the linguistics of birdsong. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 113 – 122. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.002
23. Binkofski F., Buccino G., Posse S., Seitz R. J., Rizzolatti G., Freund H. (1999). A fronto-parietal circuit for object manipulation in man: evidence from an fMRI-study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3276 – 3286. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00753.x
24. Boesch C. (1993). “Transmission of tool-use in wild chimpanzees,” in Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution, eds Gibson K. R., Ingold T. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 171 – 183.
25. Bolhuis J. J., Okanoya K., Scharff C. (2010). Twitter evolution: converging mechanisms in birdsong and human speech. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 747 – 759. doi:10.1038/nrg2892
26. Bonini L., Ferrari P. F. (2011). Evolution of mirror systems: a simple mechanism for complex cognitive functions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1225, 166 – 175. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06002.x
27. Bosman C., García R., Aboitiz F. (2004). FOXP2 and the language working memory system. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 251 – 252. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.006
28. Brownsett S. L. E., Wise R. J. S. (2010). The contribution of the parietal lobes to speaking and writing. Cereb. Cortex 20, 517 – 523. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp120
29. Buccino G., Binkofski F., Fink G. R., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V., Seitz R. J., Zilles K., Rizzolatti G., Freund H. J. (2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 400 – 404. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01385.x
30. Buccino G., Lui F., Canessa N., Patteri I., Lagravinese G., Benuzzi F., Porro C. A., Rizzolatti G. (2004). Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by non-conspecifics: an fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1 – 14. doi:10.1162/089892904322755494
31. Buchsbaum B. R., Baldo J., Okada K., Berman K. F., Dronkers N., D’Esposito M., Hickok G. (2011). Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory – an aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data. Brain Lang. 119, 119 – 128. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001
32. Buchsbaum B. R., D’Esposito M. (2008). The search for the phonological store: from loop to convolution. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 762 – 778. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20501
33. Buchsbaum B. R., Olsen R. K., Koch P., Berman K. F. (2005a). Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory. Neuron 48, 687 – 697. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.029
34. Buchsbaum B. R., Olsen R. K., Koch P. F., Kohn P., Kippenhan J. S., Berman K. F. (2005b). Reading, hearing, and the planum temporale. Neuroimage 24, 444 – 454. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.025
35. Bullier J., Schall J. D., Morel A. (1996). Functional streams in occipito–frontal connections in the monkey. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 89 – 97. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00182-4
36. Call J., Tomasello M. (eds). (2007). The Gestural Communication of Apes and Monkeys. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
37. Call J. D. (1980). Some prelinguistic aspects of language development. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 28, 259 – 289. doi:10.1177/000306518002800201
38. Calvin W. H. (1983). A stone’s throw and its launch window: timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains. J. Theor. Biol. 104, 121 – 135. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(83)90405-8
39. Cartmill E. A., Beilock S., Goldin-Meadow S. (2012). A word in the hand: action, gesture, and mental representation in humans and non-human primates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 129 – 143. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0162
40. Cartmill E. A., Byrne R. W. (2010). Semantics of primate gestures: intentional meanings of orangutan gestures. Anim. Cogn. 13, 793 – 804. doi:10.1007/s10071-010-0328-7
41. Catani M., ffytche D. M. (2005). The rises and falls of disconnection syndromes. Brain 128, 2224 – 2239. doi:10.1093/brain/awh622
42. Cavada C., Goldman-Rakic P. (1989). Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: II. Evidence for segregated cortico-cortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 422 – 445. doi:10.1002/cne.902870402
43. Corballis M. C. (1992). On the evolution of language and generativity. Cognition 44, 197 – 126. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(92)90001-X
44. Corballis M. C. (2002). From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
45. Corballis M. C. (2003). From mouth to hand: gesture, speech, and the evolution of right-handedness. Behav. Brain Sci. 26, 199 – 208. doi:10.1017/S0140525X03590069
46. Corballis M. C. (2004). FOXP2 and the mirror system. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 95 – 96. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.007
47. Corballis M. C. (2010). Mirror neurons and the evolution of language. Brain Lang. 112, 25 – 35. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.02.002
48. Coudé G., Ferrari P. F., Rodà F., Maranesi M., Borelli E., Veroni V., Monti F., Rozzi S., Fogassi L. (2011). Neurons controlling voluntary vocalization in the macaque ventral premotor cortex. PLoS ONE 6, e26822. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026822
49. de Zubicaray G., Postle N., McMahon K., Meredith M., Ashton R. (2010). Mirror neurons, the representation of word meaning, and the foot of the third left frontal convolution. Brain Lang. 112, 77 – 84. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2008.09.011
50. Deacon T. W. (1992). Cortical connections of the inferior arcuate sulcus cortex in the macaque brain. Brain Res. 573, 8 – 26. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90109-M
51. Di Pellegrino G., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V., Rizzolatti G. (1992). Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp. Brain Res. 91, 176 – 180.
52. Dubois J., Hertz-Pannier L., Cachia A., Mangin J. F., Le Bihan D., Dehaene-Lambertz G. (2009). Structural asymmetries in the infant language and sensori-motor networks. Cereb. Cortex 19, 414 – 423. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn097
53. Enard W., Przeworski M., Fisher S. E., Lai C. S., Wiebe V., Kitano T., Monaco A. P., Pääbo S. (2002). Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418, 869 – 872. doi:10.1038/nature01025
54. Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Pavesi G., Rizzolatti G. (1995). Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 2608 – 2611.
55. Ferrari P. F., Gallese V., Rizzolatti G., Fogassi L. (2003). Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and communicative mouth actions in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1703 – 1714. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02601.x
56. Fiebach C. J., Schlesewsky M., Friederici A. D. (2002). Separating syntactic memory costs and syntactic integration costs during parsing: The processing of german Wh-questions. J. Mem. Lang. 47, 250 – 272. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00004-9
57. Fiebach C. J., Schlesewsky M., Lohmann G., von Cramon D. Y., Friederici A. D. (2005). Revisiting the role of Broca’s area in sentence processing: syntactic integration versus syntactic working memory. Hum. Brain Mapp. 24, 79 – 91. doi:10.1002/hbm.20070
58. Fischer J., Hammerschmidt K. (2011). Ultrasonic vocalizations in mouse models for speech and socio-cognitive disorders: insights into the evolution of vocal communication. Genes Brain Behav. 10, 17 – 27. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2010.00610.x
59. Fogassi L., Gallese V., Fadiga L., Rizzolatti G. (1998). Neurons responding to the sight of goal directed hand/arm actions in the parietal area PF (7b) of the macaque monkey. Soc. Neurosci. 24, abstr. 257.5.
60. Frey S., Campbell J. S. W., Pike G. B., Petrides M. (2008). Dissociating the human language pathways with high angular resolution diffusion fiber tractography. J. Neurosci. 28, 11435 – 11444. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2388-08.2008
61. Friederici A. D. (2004). “The neural basis of syntactic processes,” in The Cognitive Neurosciences III, ed. Gazzaniga M. S. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 789 – 801.
62. Friederici A. D. (2005). Revisiting the role of Broca’s area in sentence processing: syntactic integration versus syntactic working memory. Hum. Brain Mapp. 24, 79 – 91. doi:10.1002/hbm.20070
63. Friederici A. D. (2009). Pathways to language: fiber tracts in the human brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 13, 175 – 181. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.006
64. Friederici A. D., Bahlmann J., Heim S., Schubotz R. I., Anwander A. (2006). The brain differentiates human and non-human grammars: functional localization and structural connectivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 2458 – 2463. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509389103
65. Fuster J. M. (1995). Memory in the Cerebral Cortex. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Galaburda A. M., Sanides F. (1980). Cytoarchitectonic organization of the human auditory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 190, 597 – 610. doi:10.1002/cne.901900312
67. Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Rizzolatti G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119, 593 – 609. doi:10.1093/brain/119.2.593
68. Gallese V., Fogassi L., Fadiga L., Rizzolatti G. (2002). “Action representation and the inferior parietal lobule,” in Attention and Performance XIX. Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action, eds Prinz W., Hommel B. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 247 – 266.
69. Gaub S., Groszer M., Fisher S. E., Ehret G. (2010). The structure of innate vocalizations in Foxp2-deficient mouse pups. Genes Brain Behav. 9, 390 – 401. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2010.00570.x
70. Gentilucci M., Benuzzi F., Gangitano M., Grimaldi S. (2001). Grasp with hand and mouth: a kinematic study on healthy subjects. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1685 – 1699.
71. Gentilucci M., Dalla Volta R. (2008). Spoken language and arm gestures are controlled by the same motor control system. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 61, 944 – 957. doi:10.1080/17470210701625683
72. Genty E., Breuer T., Hobaiter C., Byrne R. W. (2009). Gestural communication of the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla): repertoire, intentionality and possible origins. Anim. Cogn. 12, 527 – 546. doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0213-4
73. Gerardin E., Sirigu A., Lehericy S., Poline J. B., Gaymard B., Marsault C., Agid Y., Le Bihan D. (2000). Partially overlapping neural networks for real and imagined hand movements. Cereb. Cortex 10, 1093 – 1104. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.11.1093
74. Gerbella M., Belmalih A., Borra E., Rozzi S., Luppino G. (2007). Multimodal architectonic subdivision of the caudal ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque monkey. Brain Struct. Funct. 212, 269 – 301. doi:10.1007/s00429-007-0158-9
75. Gerbella M., Belmalih A., Borra E., Rozzi S., Luppino G. (2010). Cortical connections of the macaque caudal ventrolateral prefrontal areas 45A and 45B. Cereb. Cortex 20, 141 – 168. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp087
76. Gerbella M., Belmalih A., Borra E., Rozzi S., Luppino G. (2011). Cortical connections of the anterior (F5a) subdivision of the macaque ventral premotor area F5. Brain Struct. Funct. 216, 43 – 65. doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0293-6
77. Gharbawie O. A., Stepniewska I., Qi H., Kaas J. H. (2011). Multiple parietal-frontal pathways mediate grasping in macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 31, 11660 – 11677. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1777-11.2011
78. Glasser M. F., Rilling J. K. (2008). DTI tractography of the human brain’s language pathways. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2471 – 2482. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn011
79. Greenfield P. M. (1991). Language, tools and brain: the ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behav. Brain Sci. 14, 531 – 551. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00071235
80. Grèzes J., Armony J. L., Rowe J., Passingham R. E. (2003). Activations related to “mirror” and “canonical” neurones in the human brain: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 18, 928 – 937. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00042-9
81. Groszer M., Keays D. A., Deacon R. M., de Bono J. P., Prasad-Mulcare S., Gaub S., Baum M. G., French C. A., Nicod J., Coventry J. A., Enard W., Fray M., Brown S. D., Nolan P. M., Pääbo S., Channon K. M., Costa R. M., Eilers J., Ehret G., Rawlins J. N., Fisher S. E. (2008). Impaired synaptic plasticity and motor learning in mice with a point mutation implicated in human speech deficits. Curr. Biol. 18, 354 – 362. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.060
82. Häberling I. S., Badzakova-Trajkov G., Corballis M. C. (2011). Callosal tracts and patterns of hemispheric dominance: a combined fMRI and DTI study. Neuroimage 54, 779 – 786. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.072
83. Haesler S., Rochefort C., Georgi B., Licznerski P., Osten P., Scharff C. (2007). Incomplete and inaccurate vocal imitation after knockdown of FoxP2 in songbird basal ganglia nucleus Area X. PLoS Biol. 5, e321. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050321
84. Haesler S., Wada K., Nshdejan A., Morrisey E. E., Lints T., Jarvis E. D., Scharff C. (2004). FoxP2 expression in avian vocal learners and non-learners. J. Neurosci. 24, 3164 – 3375. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4369-03.2004
85. Hartwigsen G., Baumgaertner A., Price C. J., Koehnke M., Ulmer S., Siebner H. R. (2010). Phonological decisions require both the left and right supramarginal gyri. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 16494 – 16499. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008121107
86. Hewes G. W. (1973). Primate communication and the gestural origin of language. Curr. Anthropol. 12, 5 – 24. doi:10.1086/201401
87. Hickok G. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of language. Phys. Life Rev. 6, 121 – 143. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2009.06.001
88. Hickok G., Houde J., Rong F. (2011a). Sensorimotor integration in speech processing: computational basis and neural organization. Neuron 69, 407 – 422. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.019
89. Hickok G., Costanzo M., Capasso R., Miceli G. (2011b). The role of Broca’s area in speech perception: evidence from aphasia revisited. Brain Lang. 119, 214 – 220. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.08.001
90. Hickok G., Poeppel D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 393 – 402. doi:10.1038/nrn2113
91. Hopkins W. D., Russell J. L., Schaeffer J. A. (2012). The neural and cognitive correlates of aimed throwing in chimpanzees: a magnetic resonance image and behavioral study on a unique form of social tool use. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 37 – 47. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0195
92. Iacoboni M., D’Apretto M. (2006). The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 942 – 951. doi:10.1038/nrn2024
93. Iacoboni M., Woods R. P., Brass M., Bekkering H., Mazziotta J. C., Rizzolatti G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 286, 2526 – 2528. doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2526
94. Ide A., Dolezal C., Fernández M., Labbé E., Mandujano R., Montes S., Segura P., Verschae G., Yarmuch P., Aboitiz F. (1999). Hemispheric differences in the variability of fissural patterns in parasylvian and cingulate regions of human brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 410, 235 – 242. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990726)410:2<235::AID-CNE5>3.3.CO;2-7
95. Izumi A., Kojima S. (2004). Matching vocalizations to vocalizing faces in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Anim. Cogn. 7, 179 – 184. doi:10.1007/s10071-004-0212-4
96. Johnson Frey S. H., Maloof F. R., Newman-Norlund R., Farrer C., Inati S., Grafton S. T. (2003). Actions or hand-objects interactions? Human inferior frontal cortex and action observation. Neuron 39, 1053 – 1058. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00524-5
97. Josse G., Tzourio-Mazoyer N. (2004). Hemispheric specialization for language. Brain Res. Rev. 44, 1 – 12. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.10.001
98. Jürgens U., Alipour M. (2002). A comparative study on the corticohypoglossal connections in primates, using biotin dextran amine. Neurosci. Lett. 328, 245 – 248. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00525-6
99. Kaas J. H., Gharbawie O. A., Stepniewska I. (2011). The organization and evolution of dorsal stream multisensory motor pathways in primates. Front. Neuroanat. 5: 34. doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00034
100. Kaas J. H., Hackett T. A. (1999). ‘What’ and ‘where’ processing in auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 1045 – 1047. doi:10.1038/15967
101. Keller S. S., Roberts N., Hopkins W. (2009). A comparative magnetic resonance imaging study of the anatomy, variability, and asymmetry of Broca’s area in the human and chimpanzee brain. J. Neurosci. 29, 14607 – 14616. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2892-09.2009
102. Kelly K., Uddin L. Q., Shehzad Z., Margulies D. S., Castellanos F. X., Milham M. P., Petrides M. (2010). Broca’s region: linking human brain functional connectivity data and nonhuman primate tracing anatomy studies. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, 383 – 398. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07279.x
103. Kendon A. (2004). Gesture: Visible Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
104. Keysers C., Kohler E., Umiltá M. A., Nanetti L., Fogassi L., Gallese V. (2003). Audiovisual mirror neurons and action recognition. Exp. Brain Res. 153, 628 – 636. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1603-5
105. Kilner K. M. (2011). More than one pathway to action understanding. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 352 – 357. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.005
106. Krause J., Lalueza-Fox C., Orlando L., Enard W., Green R. E., Burbano H. A., Hublin J. J., Hänni C., Fortea J., de la Rasilla M., Bertranpetit J., Rosas A., Pääbo S. (2007). The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neanderthals. Curr. Biol. 17, 1908 – 1912. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008
107. Lambert N., Lambot M. A., Bilheu A., Albert V., Englert Y., Libert F., Noel J. C., Sotiriou C., Holloway A. K., Pollard K. S., Detours V., Vanderhaeghen P. (2011). Genes expressed in specific areas of the human fetal cerebral cortex display distinct patterns of evolution. PLoS ONE 6, e17753. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017753
108. Leichnetz G. R. (2001). Connections of the medial posterior parietal cortex (area 7m) in the monkey. Anat. Rec. 263, 215 – 236. doi:10.1002/ar.1082
109. Li G., Wang J., Rossiter S. J., Jones G., Zhang S. (2007). Accelerated FOXP2 evolution in echolocating bats. PLoS ONE 2, e900. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000900
110. Liebal K., Call J. (2012). The origins of non-human primates’ manual gestures. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 367, 118 – 128. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0044
111. Liégeois F., Baldeweg T., Connelly A., Gadian D. G., Mishkin M., Vargha-Khadem F. (2003). Language fMRI abnormalities associated with FOXP2 gene mutation. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 1230 – 1237. doi:10.1038/nn1138
112. Lonsdorf E. V., Hopkins W. D. (2005). Wild chimpanzees show population-level handedness for tool use. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 12634 – 12638. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505806102
113. Lopez-Barroso D., de Diego-Balaguer R., Cunillera T., Camara E., Münte T. F., Rodriguez-Fornells A. (2011). Language learning under working memory constraints correlates with microstructural differences in the ventral language pathway. Cereb. Cortex 21, 2742 – 2750. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr064
114. Luppino G., Murata A., Govoni P., Matelli M. (1999). Largely segregated parietofrontal connections linking rostral intraparietal cortex (areas AIP and VIP) and the ventral premotor cortex (areas F5 and F4). Exp. Brain Res. 128, 181 – 187. doi:10.1007/s002210050833
115. Macellini S., Maranesi M., Bonini L., Simone L., Rozzi S., Ferrari P. F., Fogassi L. (2012). Individual and social learning processes involved in the acquisition and generalization of tool use in macaques. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 24 – 36. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0125
116. Maeda F., Kleiner-Fisman G., Pascual-Leone A. (2002). Motor facilitation while observing hand actions: specificity of the effect and role of observer’s orientation. J. Neurophysiol. 87, 1329 – 1335.
117. Marvel C. L., Desmond J. E. (2012). From storage to manipulation: how the neural correlates of verbal working memory reflect varying demands on inner speech. Brain Lang. 120, 42 – 51. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.08.005
118. Matelli M., Camarda R., Glickstein M., Rizzolatti G. (1986). Afferent and efferent projections of the inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 251, 281 – 298. doi:10.1002/cne.902510302
119. Meister I. G., Boroojerdi B., Foltys H., Sparing R., Huber W., Topper R. (2003). Motor cortex hand area and speech: implications for the development of language. Neuropsychologia 41, 401 – 406. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00179-3
120. Mesulam M. M., Van Hoesen G. W., Pandya D. N., Geschwind N. (1977). Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Brain Res. 136, 393 – 414. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90066-X
121. Molenberghs P., Cunnington R., Mattingley J. B. (2009). Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33, 975 – 980. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.010
122. Moser D., Baker J. M., Sanchez C. E., Rorden C., Fridriksson J. (2009). Temporal order processing of syllables in the leftparietal lobe. J. Neurosci. 29, 12568 – 12573. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5934-08.2009
123. Nelissen K., Borra E., Gerbella M., Rozzi S., Luppino G., Vanduffel W., Rizzolatti G., Orban G. A. (2011). Action observation circuits in the macaque monkey cortex. J. Neurosci. 31, 3743 – 3756. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0623-11.2011
124. Nelissen K., Luppino G., Vanduffel W., Rizzolatti G., Orban G. A. (2005). Observing others: multiple action representation in the frontal lobe. Science 310, 332 – 336. doi:10.1126/science.1115593
125. Pandya D. N., Yeterian E. H. (1985). “Architecture and connections of cortical association areas,” in Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 4, eds Peters A., Jones E. G. (New York: Plenum Press), 3 – 61.
126. Parker G. J. M., Luzzi S., Alexander D. C., Wheeler-Kingshott C. A. M., Ciccarelli O., Ralph M. A. L. (2005). Lateralization of ventral and dorsal auditory language pathways in the human brain. Neuroimage 24, 656 – 666. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.047
127. Paulesu E., Frith C. D., Frackowiak R. S. J. (1993). The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362, 34 – 25. doi:10.1038/362342a0
128. Peeters R., Simone L., Nelissen K., Fabbri-Destro M., Vanduffel W., Rizzolatti G., Orban G. A. (2009). The representation of tool use in humans and monkeys: common and uniquely human features. J. Neurosci. 29, 11523 – 11539. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3684-09.2009
129. Perrett D. I., Mistlin A. J., Harries M. H., Chitty A. J. (1990). “Understanding the visual appearance and consequence of hand actions,” in Vision and Action: The Control of Grasping, ed. Goodale M. A. (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), 163 – 342.
130. Petkov C. I., Kayser C., Steudel T., Whittingstall K., Augath M., Logothetis N. K. (2008). A voice region in the monkey brain. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 367 – 374. doi:10.1038/nn2043
131. Petrides M., Cadoret G., Mackey S. (2005). Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca’s area. Nature 435, 1235 – 1238. doi:10.1038/nature03628
132. Petrides M., Pandya D. N. (1984). Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 228, 105 – 116. doi:10.1002/cne.902280110
133. Petrides M., Pandya D. N. (1988). Association fiber pathways to the frontal cortex from the superior temporal region in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 273, 52 – 66. doi:10.1002/cne.902730106
134. Petrides M., Pandya D. N. (1999). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1011 – 1036. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x
135. Petrides M., Pandya D. N. (2002). Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 291 – 310. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.02090.x
136. Petrides M., Pandya D. N. (2009). Distinct parietal and temporal pathways to the homologues of Broca’s area in the monkey. PLoS Biol. 7, e1000170. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000170
137. Pika S., Liebal K., Call J., Tomasello M. (2005). Gestural communication of apes. Gesture 5, 41 – 56. doi:10.1075/gest.5.1.05pik
138. Premack D. (2004). Is language the key to human intelligence? Science 303, 318 – 320. doi:10.1126/science.1093993
139. Preuss T. (1995). “The argument from humans to animals in cognitive neuroscience,” in The Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga M. S. (Boston: MIT Press), 1227 – 1241.
140. Preuss T., Goldman-Rakic P. S. (1991a). Myelo- and cytoarchitecture of the granular frontal cortex and surrounding regions in the strepsirhine primate Galago and the anthropoid primate Macaca. J. Comp. Neurol. 310, 429 – 474. doi:10.1002/cne.903100404
141. Preuss T., Goldman-Rakic P. S. (1991b). Architectonics of the parietal and temporal association cortex in the strepsirhine primate Galago compared to the anthropoid primate Macaca. J. Comp. Neurol. 310, 475 – 506. doi:10.1002/cne.903100404
142. Preuss T., Goldman-Rakic P. S. (1991c). Ipsilateral cortical connections of granular frontal cortex in the strepsirhine primate Galago, with comparative comments on anthropoid primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 310, 507 – 549. doi:10.1002/cne.903100404
143. Rauschecker J. P., Tian B. (2000). Mechanisms and streams for processing of “what” and “where” in auditory cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 11800 – 11806. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11800
144. Reuland E. (2010). Imagination, planning, and working memory: the emergence of language. Curr. Anthropol. 51 (Suppl. 1), S99 – S110. doi:10.1086/649423
145. Rilling J. K., Glasser M. F., Preuss T. M., Ma X., Zhao T., Hu X., Behrens T. E. J. (2008). The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 426 – 428. doi:10.1038/nn2072
146. Ringo J. L., Doty R. W., Demeter S., Simard P. Y. (1994). Time is of the essence: a conjecture that hemispheric specialization arises from inter-hemispheric conduction delay. Cereb. Cortex 4, 331 – 343. doi:10.1093/cercor/4.4.331
147. Rizzolatti G., Arbib M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends Neurosci. 21, 188 – 194. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01260-0
148. Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cogn. Brain Res. 3, 131 – 141. doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0
149. Rizzolatti G., Luppino G. (2001). The cortical motor system. Neuron 31, 889 – 901. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00423-8
150. Rizzolatti G. W., Craighero L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 169 – 192. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230
151. Rolheiser T., Stamatakis E. A., Tyler L. K. (2011). Dynamic processing in the human language system: synergy between the arcuate fasciculus and extreme capsule. J. Neurosci. 31, 16949 – 16957. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2725-11.2011
152. Romanski L. M. (2007). Representation and integration of auditory and visual stimuli in the primate ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 17 (Suppl. 1), i61 – i69. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm099
153. Romanski L. M., Averbeck B. B., Diltz M. (2005). Neural representation of vocalizations in the primate ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 93, 734 – 747. doi:10.1152/jn.00675.2004
154. Romanski L. M., Bates J. F., Goldman-Rakic P. S. (1999a). Auditory belt and parabelt projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesusmonkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 403, 141 – 157. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990111)403:2<141::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-V
155. Romanski L. M., Tian B., Mishkin M., Goldman-Rakic P. S., Raushecker J. P. (1999b). Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the primate prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 1131 – 1136. doi:10.1038/16056
156. Romanski L. M., Goldman-Rakic P. S. (2002). An auditory domain inprimate prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 15 – 16. doi:10.1038/nn781
157. Saffran E. M., Marin O. S. (1975). Immediate memory for word lists and sentences in a patient with deficient auditory short-term memory. Brain Lang. 2, 420 – 433. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(75)80081-2
158. Salmon E., Van der Linden M., Collette F., Delfiore G., Maquet P., Degueldre C., Luxen A., Franck G. (1996). Regional brain activity during working memory tasks. Brain 119, 1617 – 1625. doi:10.1093/brain/119.5.1617
159. Saur D., Kreher B. W., Schnell S., Kümmerer D., Kellmeyer P., Vry M.-S., Umarova R., Musso M., Glauche V., Abel S., Huber W., Rijntjes M., Hennig J., Weiller C. (2008). Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 18035 – 18040. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805234105
160. Scharff C., Petri J. (2011). Evo-devo, deep homology and FoxP2: implications for the evolution of speech and language. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 366, 2124 – 2140. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0001
161. Schenker N. M., Buxhoeveden D. P., Blackmon W. L., Amunts K., Zilles K., Semendeferi K. (2008). A comparative quantitative analysis of cytoarchitecture and minicolumnar organization in Broca’s area in humans and great apes. J. Comp. Neurol. 510, 117 – 128. doi:10.1002/cne.21792
162. Schulz S. B., Haesler S., Scharff C., Rochefort C. (2010). Knockdown of FOXP2 alters spine density in Area X of the zebra finch. Genes Brain Behav. 9, 732 – 740. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2010.00607.x
163. Seltzer B., Pandya D. N. (1978). Afferent cortical connections and architectonics of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 149, 1 – 24. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90584-X
164. Seltzer B., Pandya D. N. (1994). Parietal, temporal, and occipital projections to cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey: a retrograde tracer study. J. Comp. Neurol. 343, 445 – 463. doi:10.1002/cne.903430308
165. Shallice T., Warrington E. K. (1970). Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: a neuropsychological study. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 22, 261 – 273. doi:10.1080/00335557043000203
166. Sherwood C. C., Broadfield D. C., Holloway R. L., Gannon P. J., Hof P. R. (2003). Variability of Broca’s area homologue in African great apes: implications for language evolution. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 271, 276 – 285. doi:10.1002/ar.a.10046
167. Smith E. E., Jonides J. (1998). Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 12061 – 12068. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.876
168. Song X., Dornbos D. III., Lai Z., Zhang Y., Li T., Chen H., Yang Z. (2011). Diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor imaging-fibre tractograph depict the mechanisms of Broca-like and Wernicke-like conduction aphasia. Neurol. Res. 33, 529 – 535. doi:10.1179/016164111X13007856084322
169. Steele J., Uomini N. (2009). Can the archaeology of manual specialization tell us anything about language evolution? A survey of the state of play. Camb. Archaeol. J. 19, 97 – 110. doi:10.1017/S0959774309000067
170. Stout D., Chaminade T. (2012). Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 367, 75 – 87. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0099
171. Taglialatela J. P., Russell J. L., Schaeffer J. A., Hopkins W. D. (2008). Communicative signaling activates “Broca’s” homolog in chimpanzees. Curr. Biol. 18, 343 – 348. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.049
172. Taglialatela J. P., Russell J. L., Schaeffer J. A., Hopkins W. D. (2011). Chimpanzee vocal signaling points to a multimodal origin of human language. PLoS ONE 6, e18852. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018852
173. Teramitsu I., Kudo L. C., London S. E., Geschwind D. H., White S. A. (2004). Parallel FOXP1 and FOXP2 expression in songbird and human brain predicts functional interaction. J. Neurosci. 24, 3152 – 3163. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5589-03.2004
174. Teramitsu I., Poopatanapong A., Torrisi S., White S. A. (2010). Striatal FOXP2 is actively regulated during songbird sensorimotor learning. PLoS ONE 5, e8548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008548
175. Tian B., Reser D., Durham A., Kustov A., Rauschecker J. P. (2001). Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. Science 292, 290 – 293. doi:10.1126/science.1058911
176. Tomasello M., Carpenter M., Call J., Behne T., Moll H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: the origins of cultural cognition. Behav. Brain Sci. 28, 675 – 691; discussion 691–735. doi:10.1017/S0140525X05540123
177. Trortais A. (1974). Impairment of memory for sequences in conduction aphasia. Neuropsychologia 12, 355 – 366. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(74)90051-7
178. Turkeltaub P. E., Coslett H. B. (2010). Localization of sublexical speech perception components. Brain Lang. 114, 1 – 15. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.03.008
179. Ullman M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition 92, 231 – 270. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008
180. Varga-Khadem F., Gadian D. G., Copp A., Mishkin M. (2005). FOXP2 and the neuroanatomy of speech and language. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 131 – 138. doi:10.1038/nrn1605
181. Vogt S., Buccino G., Wohlschläger A. M., Canessa N., Shah N. J., Zilles K., Eickhoff S. B., Freund H. J., Rizzolatti G., Fink G. R. (2007). Prefrontal involvement in imitation learning of hand actions: effects of practice and expertise. Neuroimage 37, 1371 – 1383. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.005
182. Willems R. M., Ozyürek A., Hagoort P. (2007). When language meets action: the neural integration of gesture and speech. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2322 – 2333. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl141
183. Wilson S. M., Galantucci S., Tartaglia M. C., Rising K., Patterson D. K., Henry M. L., Ogar J. M., DeLeon J., Miller B. L., Gorno-Tempini M. L. (2011). Syntactic processing depends on dorsal language tracts. Neuron 72, 397 – 403. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.014
184. Yeterian E. H., Pandya D. N., Tomaiuolo F., Petrides M. (2012). The cortical connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey brain. Cortex 48, 58 – 81. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.004
185. Zhang J., Webb D. M., Podlaha O. (2002). Accelerated protein evolution and origins of human-specific features: FOXP2 as an example. Genetics 162, 1825 – 1835.