The neurobiological basis of the awe experience in affective disorders: an exploratory EEG study

Affective disorders (ADs) are characterized by profound emotional processing deficits involving disrupted neural network activity and connectivity, particularly within the default mode network and fronto-temporal circuits, with abnormalities in theta and alpha oscillatory patterns. While current treatments primarily target mood symptoms, emotional processing impairments often persist and predict relapses. Awe, a complex self-transcendent emotion, may counteract such deficits through its capacity to reduce rumination and enhance positive affect. However, the neural correlates of awe experiences in clinical populations remain unexplored. For the first time, this exploratory study investigated the electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of awe induced by validated virtual reality (VR) scenarios in individuals with ADs compared to healthy controls (HCs). Participants were exposed to immersive VR scenarios designed to elicit different awe experiences (mountains, waterfall, Earth) and a reference (awe-neutral) scenario. EEG activity was recorded during VR exposure and at baseline, followed by emotional state questionnaires. Power spectral density and graph-theoretical connectivity indices – Nodal Positive Strength and Global Efficiency – were computed across theta, alpha, and beta bands. Healthy controls showed high awe responses in awe-inducing scenarios with selective, scenario-specific modulations in alpha and theta band activity and connectivity, reflecting preserved cognitive flexibility. Conversely, ADs reported similar awe responses across all VR scenarios with reduced environmental differentiation. With respect to HCs, ADs showed elevated theta power in bilateral frontal and temporal regions, suggesting compensatory activity related to emotional processing alterations. Both groups exhibited VR-induced reductions in alpha-band global efficiency, more pronounced in ADs, suggesting compromised neural integration during complex emotional processing. Taken together, the results suggest that the emotional processing deficits inherent to ADs may limit the capacity to engage differentially with emotionally complex stimuli such as awe, while nonetheless providing initial evidence that VR-based awe exposure combined with neurophysiological recording represents a valuable approach for discriminating differential cerebral emotional responses in clinical populations. This proof-of-concept work warrants further investigation in larger cohorts to evaluate the therapeutic potential of awe-based interventions for affective disorders.