Original ResearchPublished 28 April 2026Voice onset time in Arabic L1 learners of English and Spanish: evidence for stability, interaction, and phonetic drift in multilingual speechHesham Aldamen · Mutasim Al-Deaibes · Rami Alsharefeen · Mohamad AlmashourFrontiers in Language Sciencesdoi 10.3389/flang.2026.1806365