Original ResearchPublished 28 August 2026A lightweight deep learning framework for early fire and smoke detection in forest fire monitoringJie Hu · Zishuai Jia · Jiaxin Feng · Yian Ding · Shujie Wang · Shuai Zhang · Juan LiuFrontiers in Forests and Global Changedoi 10.3389/ffgc.2026.1919686