Original ResearchPublished 23 September 2026Using computerized measures of executive function skills in 3-year-olds—A cautionary tale from KenyaMichael T. Willoughby · Amanda C. Wylie · Brent R. Collett · Judy Adhiambo · Collins Otieno · Laura Mwangi · Irine Oucho · Perpetual Nyaguthi · Priscah Lihanda · Edemba Priscillah Wanini · Ariana Magedson · Susan Wamithi · Beatrice C. Mutai · Ruchi Tiwari · Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo · Dalton Wamalwa · Benson Singa · Christine J. McGrath · Sarah Benki-NugentFrontiers in Developmental Psychologydoi 10.3389/fdpys.2026.1881826