Original ResearchPublished 25 August 2026A hardware clock bias correction method for satellite on-board timing modules using a channel-independent PatchTST and TCN-attention-GRU hybrid networkKun Xie · Mingshuo Liu · Shaohui Li · Chenglin CaiFrontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciencesdoi 10.3389/fspas.2026.1915192