Original ResearchPublished 8 October 2026Welfare assessment in pasture-based and confined dairy farms in São Paulo State, Brazil: a descriptive multi-case study identifying health and hygiene constraintsAna Luiza Mendonça Pinto · Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira · Ayres Gustavo Dias Nogueira · Iran José Oliveira da SilvaFrontiers in Animal Sciencedoi 10.3389/fanim.2026.1985819