Original ResearchPublished 4 March 2026Foam cleaning in closed circuits: effect of surfactant type on foam structure and Bacillus subtilis spore removal from stainless steel surfacesAhmad Al Saabi · Heni Dallagi · Piyush Kumar Jha · Fethi Aloui · Thierry Benezech · Christine FailleFrontiers in Soft Matterdoi 10.3389/frsfm.2026.1750630