Original ResearchPublished 30 September 2026Between science, religion, and tradition: multiple forms of legitimation of occult practices in contemporary KazakhstanEssenzhol Aliyarov · Marhabbat Nurov · Dinara Zhanguzhekova · Dauren Nessipkaliyev · Tussubzhan DuzbayevFrontiers in Political Sciencedoi 10.3389/fpos.2026.1895091