Original ResearchPublished 29 September 2026DOA estimation for autonomous vehicles by exploiting second-order statistics of Co-array domain of nested arrays by implementing Cuckoo Search AlgorithmZhe Wang · Ainur Zhetpisbayeva · Muhammad Salman Qamar · Berik Zhumazhanov · Khurram Hameed · Aliya KargulovaFrontiers in Physicsdoi 10.3389/fphy.2026.1891265