Original ResearchPublished 1 September 2026Explainable deep learning with novel marine domain metrics for oil spill detectionTokula I. Umaha · Felix Ale · Ikpaya D. Ikpaya · John A. Momoh · Steve A. Adeshina · Humbulani Simon Phuluwa · Ilesanmi A. DaniyanFrontiers in Mechanical Engineeringdoi 10.3389/fmech.2026.1919085