ReviewPublished 30 April 2026Racial disparities in pulse oximetry: measurement bias and clinical implications—a systematic reviewOluwayemisi Esther Ekor · Adeniyi Kazeem Akiseku · Suzetta Naa-Norley Brocke · Samuel AnkamahFrontiers in Anesthesiologydoi 10.3389/fanes.2026.1796674