Original ResearchPublished 29 September 2026Integrated water–energy–nitrogen performance under nitrogen and biochar treatments in shallow groundwater tomato productionMaha Elbana · Lei Wang · Mohammed A. El-Shirbeny · Rania Gamal · Vinay Nangia · Ayman F. Abou HadidFrontiers in Agronomydoi 10.3389/fagro.2026.1922454