Energy EfficiencyPublished 30 May 2025Performance analysis of air-to-ground heat exchanger systems: a detailed investigation of finned and un-finned tube designs for oil pipeline coolingEman A. Hummood · Mushtaq I. Hasan · Farhan Lafta Rashid · Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi · Arman AmeenFrontiers in Energy Efficiencydoi 10.3389/fenef.2025.1612724