Original ResearchPublished 5 October 2026Hybrid semantic-lexical framework for ambiguity detection in software requirements using TF-IDF, character n-grams, and SBERTFariha Khalid · Muhammad Yaseen · Muhammad Awais Sattar · Abdelhamid Ghoul · Aida MustaphaFrontiers in Artificial Intelligencedoi 10.3389/frai.2026.1901190