Original ResearchPublished 7 October 2026A hierarchical architecture for brownfield digitization: design, analytical insights, and validation of an ultra-low-cost Wi-Fi/MQTT IIoT frameworkGulshat Amirkhanova · Meiramkul Zhasuzakova · Nazargozha Abdulkhamit · Bauyrzhan Amirkhanov · Onggarbek Alipbeki · Alina RaevaFrontiers in Communications and Networksdoi 10.3389/frcmn.2026.1822183
ICTPublished 28 August 2019Toward Industry 4.0 With IoT: Optimizing Business Processes in an Evolving Manufacturing FactoryLaura Belli · Luca Davoli · Alice Medioli · Pier Luigi Marchini · Gianluigi FerrariFrontiers in ICTdoi 10.3389/fict.2019.00017
