Original ResearchPublished 24 September 2026Legacy of non-ferrous metallurgy driving heavy metal-induced geochemical transformation of urban soilsDias Daurov · Zhanar Abilda · Kabyl Zhambakin · Ainash Daurova · Zagipa Sapakhova · Maxat Toishimanov · Iskander Isgandarov · Almas Mukhametov · Rakhim Kanat · Murat Otynshiev · Dmitriy Volkov · Malika ShamekovaFrontiers in Soil Sciencedoi 10.3389/fsoil.2026.1949558