ReviewPublished 8 October 2026Gut microbiota-derived small molecules, peptides, and proteins in GPCR signaling: current evidence for β-arrestin involvementYushan Hu · Yiru Liu · Haiyan Yao · Siteng Wang · Yice Gao · Ruixue Li · Hui SunFrontiers in Microbiologydoi 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1979411