Original ResearchPublished 23 September 2026Phase-dependent oscillatory dynamics during needle retention and withdrawal: a comparison of penetrating and non-penetrating acupunctureQian Wu · Dehui Lin · Shanze Wang · Xuesong Liang · Bingxin Wu · Qing Yang · Fangyuan Zhang · Xiuyun Wen · Wenbin FuFrontiers in Pain Researchdoi 10.3389/fpain.2026.1842608