Original ResearchPublished 26 February 2026A walrus optimization algorithm (WOA) for cluster head selection to optimize energy-efficiency in UWSNs-based IoTRamasubbareddy Somula · Aditya Sai Srinivas T · Swathi Sambangi · A. Sanjeeva Reddy Gaddam · Yongyun Cho · Remya SFrontiers in Communications and Networksdoi 10.3389/frcmn.2026.1783248