Medical EngineeringPublished 16 August 2023Arousal detection by using ultra-short-term heart rate variability (HRV) analysisMahtab Mohammadpoor Faskhodi · Mireya Fernández-Chimeno · Miquel Angel García-GonzálezFrontiers in Medical Engineeringdoi 10.3389/fmede.2023.1209252