ReviewPublished 12 October 2026Metabolic sensing in 3D models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: probing pH, oxygen, and lactate dynamics to decode chemoresistanceAnna Chiara Siciliano · Stefania Forciniti · Helena Iuele · Federica Carnevali · Giuseppe Gigli · Loretta L. del MercatoFrontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnologydoi 10.3389/fbioe.2026.1926254