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Every article on Frontiers is peer reviewed, permanently archived and free to read.

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Original Research
Published 5 October 2026
Smear layer removal by EDTA, citric acid, and maleic acid under five irrigant delivery and activation protocols: an ex vivo scanning electron microscopy study
E. Hernández-Hernández · J. Mena-Alvarez
Frontiers in Dental Medicine
doi 10.3389/fdmed.2026.1982158