Communications and NetworksPublished 16 October 2025XGBoost-driven adaptive spreading factor allocation for energy-efficient LoRaWAN networksFarhan Nisar · Muhammad Amin · Muhammad Touseef Irshad · Hassan Jalil Hadi · Naveed Ahmad · Mohamad LadanFrontiers in Communications and Networksdoi 10.3389/frcmn.2025.1665262