PerspectivePublished 24 July 2026A multi-level conceptual system dynamics architecture for examining sustainability and resilience in coupled earth–space systemsAnnahita Nezami · Frank White · David Peterson · Greg Barr · Stanley Rosen · Ian A. Crawford · Kevin Russell · Elisa R. FerreFrontiers in Space Technologiesdoi 10.3389/frspt.2026.1876220