ReviewPublished 30 January 2026Digital twin technologies for battery systems: advancements, applications, and future directionsSeyed Saeed Madani · Yasmin Shabeer · Michael Fowler · Satyam Panchal · Carlos Ziebert · Hicham Chaoui · François AllardFrontiers in Batteries and Electrochemistrydoi 10.3389/fbael.2026.1764210