Original ResearchPublished 14 September 2026Comparative evaluation of active learning, random sampling, and deep learning for smart contract vulnerability detectionGabriel Avelino Sampedro · Cheng Yanhui · Arlene Caballero · Made Adi Paramartha Putra · Nyoman Bogi Aditya Karna · IndriatiFrontiers in Blockchaindoi 10.3389/fbloc.2026.1882027