Original ResearchPublished 24 September 2026Investigation into the individual effects of temperature and sulphate ions on the fracture toughness of waste-based cemented paste backfill containing superplasticizerGang Duan · Qing Zhang · Yang He · Qilong Yu · Yunheng Wei · Kun FangFrontiers in Materialsdoi 10.3389/fmats.2026.1917884