ReviewPublished 18 August 2026Electromagnetic neuromodulation for chronic pain: historical context, contemporary modalities, and evidence gapsLaura Dipietro · Ciro Ramos-Estebanez · Paola Gonzalez-Mego · Anna Carolyna Gianlorenco · Arisara Wongtanawat · Christopher Robinson · Salim M. Hayek · Felipe Fregni · Timothy WagnerFrontiers in Pain Researchdoi 10.3389/fpain.2026.1901466